WESTERN PERSPECTIVE

Russia close to achieving goals in Ukraine war, Putin's spy chief says

Russian President Vladimir Putin's foreign intelligence chief said on Tuesday that Russia was close to achieving its goals in Ukraine with Moscow holding what he said was the strategic initiative in all areas in the war.

Russia's 2022 invasion of Ukraine has left tens of thousands of dead, displaced millions and triggered the biggest crisis in relations between Moscow and the West since the 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis.

"The situation on the front is not in Kyiv's favour," Sergei Naryshkin, the head of Russia's Foreign Intelligence Service (SVR), told Razvedchik, the official publication of the foreign intelligence agency.

"The strategic initiative in all areas belongs to us, we are close to achieving our goals, while the armed forces of Ukraine are on the verge of collapse," Naryshkin said.

Naryshkin added that for Russia, Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskiy had lost legitimacy and "the ability to negotiate".

Naryshkin, who heads the main successor organisation to the Soviet-era KGB's First Chief Directorate, is one of the few senior Russian officials to have relatively regular contacts with senior U.S. and Western officials.

His views give an insight into thinking at the top levels of the Kremlin - which views the West's support for Ukraine as evidence that the United States is fighting a proxy war against Russia aimed at toppling Moscow's rulers.

U.S. President-elect Donald Trump on Sunday called for an immediate ceasefire and negotiations between Ukraine and Russia to end "the madness" of war.

Zelenskiy on Monday made the case for a diplomatic settlement to the war and raised the idea of foreign troops being deployed in Ukraine until it could join the NATO military alliance.

Trump, who has vowed to swiftly end the conflict, is returning to the White House at a time of Russian ascendancy. Moscow controls a chunk of Ukraine about the size of the American state of Virginia and is advancing at the fastest pace since the early days of the 2022 invasion.

Open source maps showed Russian forces pushing along the front, with fierce fighting in the towns of Kurakhove and Toretsk in Ukraine's east.

Reuters reported last month that Putin is open to discussing a Ukraine ceasefire deal with Trump but rules out making any major territorial concessions and insists Kyiv abandon ambitions to join NATO.

Putin has said Russia should be left fully in control of four Ukrainian regions his troops partially control at the moment for a peace deal to be done.

The West and Ukraine say the war is an brutal imperial-style land grab by Moscow - and have cautioned that if Putin wins, then the enemies of the West across the world will be emboldened.

The conflict in eastern Ukraine began in 2014 after a pro-Russian president was toppled in Ukraine's Maidan Revolution and Russia annexed Crimea, with Russian-backed separatist forces fighting Ukraine's armed forces.

RUSSIAN PERSPECTIVE

Ukraine fires missiles at southern Russian city – governor

Ukraine attacked the southern Russian port city of Taganrog with missiles early Wednesday morning, acting Rostov regional governor, Yuri Slyusar, has said.

“An industrial site has been damaged,” Slyusar wrote on Telegram, adding that “15 cars were burned down in the parking lot.”

“Early reports indicate that no people were harmed,” he wrote.

Locals told Telegram news channel SHOT that they have heard air raid sirens and at least 10 explosions in the sky over the city.

Taganrog, a city of 242,000 people, is located on the coast of the Sea of Azov. It belongs to the Rostov region, which, like other regions bordering Ukraine, has been subjected to frequent drone and missile attacks.

Last month, the US authorized Ukraine to use American-supplied long-range missiles, such as ATACMS, to strike targets deep inside Russia’s internationally recognized territory. The White House previously restricted the use of such weapons by Kiev, citing concerns over possible escalation with Moscow.

Russian President Vladimir Putin has warned that such missile strikes would dramatically change the nature of the conflict and would be tantamount to NATO’s direct involvement in attacks against Russia.

On November 21, Russia used its brand new Oreshnik ballistic missile for the first time to hit a weapons factory in the Ukrainian city of Dnepr. Putin said that the strike was a retaliation against the lifting of restrictions on Kiev’s use of Western arms. During a government meeting on Tuesday, Putin described Oreshnik as a powerful alternative to nuclear weapons.

Reuters/RT

“It’s actually going to be easy to cure aging and cancer,” insists David Sinclair, a researcher on aging at Harvard University. Similarly, Elon Musk continues to claim that he will soon land humans on Mars and deploy robotaxis en masse. Major corporations have set carbon-neutrality targets based on highly optimistic forecasts about the potential of carbon-removal technologies. And, of course, many commentators now insist that “AI changes everything.”

Amid such a confounding mix of hype and genuine technological marvels, are entrepreneurs, scientists, and other experts getting ahead of themselves? At the very least, they betray a strong preference for technological solutions to complex problems, as well as an abiding belief that technological progress will make us healthier, wealthier, and wiser. “Give us a real world problem,” writes Silicon Valley doyen Marc Andreesen in “The Techno-Optimist Manifesto,” “and we can invent a technology that will solve it.”

But, as we note in our book How to Think About Progress, this attitude is heavily influenced by what we call the “horizon bias”: the propensity to believe that anything experts can envisage accomplishing with technology is imminently within reach. We owe this optimism to technology’s past successes: eradicating smallpox, landing a man on the moon, creating machines that can outperform chess grandmasters and radiologists.

While these highlights dwell permanently in our collective memory, offering strong inductive evidence for the power of human ingenuity, we forget (or are oblivious to) all the times that technology promised to solve some problem but didn’t. Just as history is written by the victors, the story of technological progress features mainly the breakthroughs that panned out, creating the impression that Technological Man consistently accomplishes whatever he sets out to achieve.

The horizon bias affects us all, but it is most consequential in those with enough expertise to be able to offer scientific and technological solutions to big challenges in the first place – especially if they are trying to sell us something. The hazard lies in convincing yourself that you can anticipate every discrete step needed to reach an ambitious goal like “curing” cancer or colonizing Mars. Such “knowing” instills confidence in the speaker as much as it inspires hope in the non-expert listener.

Moreover, it is one thing to promise tourist trips to Mars, and quite another thing to claim that you will invent a time-travel machine. The first ambition at least seems doable, and that is more than enough for any optimist to run with. Mere possibility can be a powerful force in forecasting and decision-making, because we usually fail to recognize that our sense of possibility expands with ignorance. The less you know about biology or space travel, the more you believe can be achieved in those fields. For all we know, anti-aging research really will allow people who are alive today to live for hundreds of years.

This is the blind spot that Silicon Valley hype-artists love to exploit, especially after breakthrough moments like the release of ChatGPT or the success of mRNA vaccines against Covid-19. It is on such occasions that we look to the horizon and embrace or revise our ambitions. Perhaps the science behind the vaccines will also offer “the cure” for cancer? When even the experts are saying “For all we know, this latest advance could swiftly lead to X, Y, and Z,” that is a legitimate reason for the lay public to get excited.

But this is a facile mode of thinking: because we can only speculate about the later stages of the sequence needed to reach a hoped-for destination, we have a license to gloss over the messy contingencies that are inevitable in the course of research and development. Succumbing to the horizon bias, we can say things like, “All we would need to do to address climate change is ramp up R&D in carbon-capture technologies until we have found a way to make them affordable and viable at scale.” Precisely because we don’t yet know what technical and scientific advances this would require, we can imagine it as eminently feasible.

Doing so feels better than conceding that a problem may remain beyond our control, or at least for longer than we expect. But we should resist the temptation. The persistence of the horizon bias means that there is both a rational and an ethical case for maintaining a realistic skepticism about technology. Too much confidence can create moral hazard. Why worry about carbon emissions if we can anticipate that direct air capture or some kind of carbon-eating nanobot will eventually be deployed to reverse climate change?

Moreover, we should be wary of a psychological tendency that leads us systematically to overestimate our ability to solve big, generation-defining problems with technology. As the bibliographer of science fiction I.F. Clarke put it almost 50 years ago, we harbor an “eternal desire that the power of man over nature shall always be as instant and as absolute as his will.” Modernity has made it both easy and exciting to imagine technological solutions appearing out of nowhere. Though we know we should not bet everything on such expectations, it is all too tempting to envision solutions that would make problems like climate change, pandemics, and cancer just go away.

This tendency can hamper our ability to prepare for an intrinsically uncertain future. Proper preparation demands that we not rely on a grievously biased sample of past experiences. As we confront big global problems, we must avoid acting like gamblers who remember only those rare occasions when they hit it big, not the more numerous occasions when the house swallowed their money.

To be sure, the horizon bias does not imply that technological solutions to civilizational problems won’t emerge soon. Some lone genius could crack the problem of cancer or climate change tomorrow, falsifying pessimistic claims about the future. Nonetheless, claims about what our rational expectations ought to be will remain valid. If you announce that you have just bought a lottery ticket and simultaneously bid on a mansion that you cannot afford, no one will commend you for your financial judgment, even if you win.

Project Syndicate

British High Commissioner to Nigeria, Richard Montgomery, has highlighted the United Kingdom's significant visa engagement with Nigeria, revealing that approximately 300,000 new visas were granted to Nigerian nationals in the past two years.

Speaking on Channels TV's Sunrise Daily, Montgomery challenged perceptions of harsh immigration policies, emphasizing that Nigeria has been a major beneficiary of post-Brexit migration rules. He noted that Nigerians have been particularly instrumental in critical sectors such as social care.

The diplomat pointed out that Nigeria represents about 10% of the UK's total visa grants during this period. His statements follow the recent opening of a new Visa Application Centre (VAC) in Ikeja, Lagos, operated by VFS Global, which the British Deputy High Commissioner Jonny Baxter described as the largest such center in Africa.

Baxter previously confirmed that from June 2023 to June 2024, over 225,000 UK visas were processed for Nigerian nationals across various categories. Montgomery further emphasized the depth of bilateral relations, describing the visa relationship as unprecedented in its scale.

The High Commissioner praised the contributions of Nigerians in the UK, highlighting their "incredibly important" role in British society and workforce. His comments suggest a robust and growing migration pathway between the two countries, particularly in professional and skills-based immigration.​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​

Lawyer and human rights activist Dele Farotimi was granted a N50 million bail by the Federal High Court in Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, on Monday following his arraignment on cybercrime charges related to alleged defamation of senior lawyer Afe Babalola.

The case stems from Farotimi's recently published book, 'Nigeria and Its Criminal Justice System,' in which Babalola claims the activist accused him of corrupting the Supreme Court. Babalola filed a petition dated November 19, 2024, to the Ekiti State Police Commissioner, leading to Farotimi's arrest.

Initially arraigned on 16 counts of criminal defamation before a magistrate's court, Farotimi was remanded in prison custody on Wednesday. The Inspector General of Police subsequently filed a separate set of 12 cybercrime charges at the Federal High Court.

During Monday's court proceedings, the presiding judge, Babs Kuewumi granted bail with specific conditions, including a N50 million surety with landed property in Ekiti State and submission of Farotimi's passport. The case has been adjourned to January 29, 2025.

The Take It Back Movement, led by National Coordinator Juwon Sanyaolu, has vowed to proceed with planned protests in Ekiti, Lagos, Abuja, London, and Canada, despite the Ekiti State Police Command's ban on public gatherings.

Farotimi's lawyer, Ralph Nwoke, indicated that they expect the magistrate's court case to be withdrawn in light of the Federal High Court proceedings and are working to perfect the bail conditions.

The activist has consistently maintained his innocence, with his supporters viewing the legal action as an attempt to silence his critical voice about Nigeria's justice system.​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​

Israel hopeful about Gaza hostage deal

Israel is growing more optimistic about the possibility of securing a deal to free hostages held by Hamas in Gaza, Foreign Minister Gideon Saar said on Monday. His comments come amid reports that Hamas has requested lists of all hostages still in captivity, signaling potential progress in negotiations.

Saar confirmed that indirect talks are ongoing concerning the release of approximately 100 hostages, although he cautioned that it was still too early to guarantee success. “We can be more optimistic than before, but we are not there yet. I hope we will be there,” Saar said at a press conference in Jerusalem, reiterating that Israel’s stance remains firm: there will be no ceasefire without a deal on hostages.

Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu also expressed cautious optimism, noting that Hamas’ increasing isolation, particularly after the weakening of Syrian President Bashar al-Assad’s regime, could create an opportunity for a breakthrough. However, Netanyahu emphasized that it was too early to determine whether the ongoing efforts would yield a successful outcome.

A Palestinian official involved in the mediation effort revealed that Hamas had instructed other factions in Gaza to compile lists of Israeli and foreign hostages in their custody, both dead and alive. While the official did not provide further details, they indicated that mediation efforts, backed by the U.S., had intensified. Hamas officials have yet to comment on the reports.

The potential for a deal has raised hopes among families of the hostages. Some relatives expressed cautious optimism after meeting with Netanyahu on Sunday, where the Prime Minister reportedly told them that “the time had come for a hostage deal.” The Hostages and Missing Families Forum confirmed the meeting, which gave them renewed hope for the return of their loved ones.

Since Hamas’ October 7 attack on Israel, which killed approximately 1,200 people according to Israeli estimates, more than 250 hostages were taken to Gaza. The conflict has claimed the lives of over 44,700 Palestinians in Gaza, according to local health authorities.

Despite the diplomatic discussions, military action continues in Gaza. On Monday, Israeli airstrikes killed at least 11 people in Rafah, near the Egyptian border. An Israeli strike near Jabalia killed four people, while a bombing in Beit Lahiya left six dead. In Al-Maghazi, in central Gaza, Israeli tanks entered the area early Monday, forcing residents to flee. Later in the day, airstrikes killed four children, ages 4 to 13, in the same camp.

The Israeli military has yet to comment on the specific airstrikes reported on Monday.

Western Perspective: Zelensky Pushes for Diplomatic Resolution, Considers Foreign Troops

Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky has reiterated his support for a diplomatic solution to the ongoing war with Russia, suggesting the possibility of foreign troops being deployed in Ukraine until it can join NATO. Speaking alongside German opposition leader Friedrich Merz, Zelensky emphasized Kyiv’s commitment to ending the conflict, asserting that a diplomatic resolution could save countless lives. His comments come amid rising expectations that U.S. President-elect Donald Trump will advocate for swift peace talks when he takes office in January.

Zelensky’s position is part of a broader shift toward openness to negotiations, especially after recent meetings with U.S. President Joe Biden and French President Emmanuel Macron. On Monday, he confirmed that Ukraine was preparing for a key meeting in December with European and U.S. partners to strengthen its diplomatic and military position.

Zelensky added that he had discussed a potential “freezing” of front lines with Macron and Trump, underscoring Ukraine’s ongoing struggle as Russia controls about 20% of Ukrainian territory following its 2022 invasion. However, Zelensky argued that Russian President Vladimir Putin must be forced to make peace, implying that Ukraine’s military strength is crucial to any diplomatic outcome.

On the question of NATO membership, Zelensky revisited a proposal by Macron to send European forces to Ukraine. While the idea remains controversial among European leaders, Zelensky stated that foreign troops could provide security guarantees until Ukraine’s NATO membership is realized. He also expressed hope to speak with President Biden soon to discuss NATO and security assurances for Ukraine.

Russian Perspective: Russian Forces Claim Significant Ukrainian Losses in Kursk Region

Russia’s Ministry of Defense reported heavy Ukrainian casualties over the past 24 hours in the Kursk region, where Ukrainian forces have suffered more than 200 fatalities. Since the beginning of hostilities in the area, Ukrainian losses have reportedly exceeded 39,460 troops.

Russian forces, including the Battlegroup North, have reportedly defeated Ukrainian formations in multiple settlements, including Viktorovka, Guyevo, and Lebedevka. Russian air and missile strikes have targeted Ukrainian positions in the Kursk and Sumy regions, and the operation to neutralize Ukrainian forces is said to be ongoing.

In addition to the reported troop losses, Ukraine has reportedly lost substantial military hardware, including two tanks, eight armored vehicles, and several artillery systems. Russian forces also claimed to have destroyed 13 counter-battery radars, 72 electronic warfare stations, and a range of other military assets, including Western-made weapons systems such as HIMARS and MLRS rocket launchers.

The Russian Defense Ministry’s report emphasizes the scale of Ukrainian military losses since the onset of the conflict, underscoring the continued intensity of the fighting in the Kursk region.

If wishes were horses, Justice Emmanuel Ayoola would have danced into his 100th birthday with joy and grace. Justice Ayoola, affectionately known as Baba, was more than just a legal luminary; he was a beacon of hope, a mentor, and a man whose presence illuminated every room he entered. He dreamed of celebrating his 100th birthday with the same vigor and grace that defined his life. While he fell just short of that milestone, his legacy continues to inspire everyone who knew him.

Ayoola embodied a life full of vitality and hope, dreaming of milestones that mirrored the vigor he displayed throughout his life. I vividly recall our memorable conversation during a visit to his in-laws in Awe in 2007. As we journeyed back to Ibadan, his eyes sparkled with admiration. He shared, "Folu, did you know that my in-law is 103 years old and still stands tall, reading without glasses?" That moment stayed with me, a testament to his optimism and zest for life.

Two years later, under the lush canopy of trees on his magnificent Ibadan estate, he reflected on life’s beauty, saying, "What a splendid scenery, with birds serenading us! I eagerly look forward to reaching 100 years, just like my in-law. However, my life rests in the hands of the Almighty; man proposes, but God disposes." I responded warmly, "Papa, if that is your heartfelt wish, I stand in prayerful agreement."

Although his wish to celebrate his centenary remained unfulfilled, Baba’s life was a celebration of excellence, grace, and unwavering integrity. Even in his advanced years, Ayoola radiated youthful vigor, appearing as robust as a man in his forties. He rarely visited hospitals throughout his life, save for an asthmatic episode during his tenure as Chairman of the Independent Corrupt Practices and Other Related Offenses Commission (ICPC). Prompt and expert care ensured his swift recovery, a reflection of his remarkable resilience.

Baba’s influence extended far beyond his professional accomplishments. He had an unparalleled ability to elevate those around him. His distinguished demeanor and presence were transformative, inspiring admiration and respect. During my time with him, I experienced the profound power of perception firsthand. Adopting his refined style, I soon found myself mistaken for a judge—a testament to how his grace and stature left a lasting impression on everyone he encountered.

Ayoola’s brilliance transcended borders. He served as the Chief Justice of The Gambia for a decade, sat on the International Court of Justice in Sierra Leone, and led the court for two years. His work took him to The Hague, where he stood shoulder-to-shoulder with some of the world’s most esteemed jurists, showcasing his unparalleled intellect and dedication.

Despite lucrative opportunities abroad, Baba chose to serve Nigeria, tackling corruption as ICPC Chairman with unwavering integrity. His commitment to justice came at a personal sacrifice, but he placed his faith in God’s providence. After his tenure, he became a sought-after arbitrator, earning global recognition. Remarkably, he left behind thousands of unclaimed fees, prioritizing justice over financial gain—a reflection of his selfless character.

Baba’s devotion to his family and faith was unwavering. He often emphasized the importance of investing in one’s children, particularly their education, as the greatest legacy a parent can leave. "A rich education," he would say, "ensures peace and security in old age." True to his words, he poured himself into his children’s success. His love for Jesus Christ was his guiding compass, and he steadfastly resisted pressures to join secret societies, choosing to live a life rooted in God’s Word.

Generosity defined Baba. His philanthropy touched countless lives, including mine and that of my dear friend, Godwin Adama. His daily calls were filled with prayers and wisdom, and his acts of kindness left indelible marks. Just 48 hours before his passing, he expressed a heartfelt desire to see me. Though we never met again, his life remains a blessing to all who knew him.

Ayoola was more than a judge; he was a father, a mentor, and a man whose life exemplified love, integrity, and unwavering faith. His wish to reach 100 may not have been granted, but the grace and joy he brought to the lives of others will forever stand as a testament to a life well lived. May his soul rest in eternal peace, and may his legacy inspire us to live with purpose and grace.

The seduction of unchecked power is an ancient story, a tragic dance that transforms guardians of liberty into despots. History is replete with examples of leaders consumed by their pursuit of control, blinded to the bounds of morality and justice. From Nero’s Rome to Stalin’s Soviet Union, this intoxicating allure has resulted in untold suffering and oppression. In modern Nigeria, this specter rears its head again, with the arrest of prominent lawyer and activist Dele Farotimi—an alarming reminder of the perils of state overreach.

Farotimi, a fearless voice against corruption and injustice, was arrested on allegations of defamation, a charge that the Nigerian Bar Association (NBA) and legal scholars have confirmed is no longer a criminal offense in Lagos State. The Criminal Law of Lagos State 2011 repealed the criminalization of defamation, aligning the state with global best practices that treat it as a civil matter. This progressive reform was affirmed by Nigeria’s Supreme Court in Aviomoh v. Commissioner of Police & Anor (2021), yet Farotimi’s arrest underscores a dangerous trend of disregarding the rule of law for political convenience.

A State in Crisis: The Predator vs. Protector Dilemma
The arrest is symptomatic of a broader malaise—a governance structure in Nigeria riddled with corruption, self-interest, and a predatory state apparatus. Institutions designed to protect citizens increasingly function as instruments of oppression. Sovereignty, when divorced from justice, becomes a tool of exploitation, perpetuating inequality and eroding public trust.

The reported invasion of Farotimi’s law firm by security forces, accompanied by the confiscation of phones and harassment of staff, is a chilling affront to the sanctity of the legal profession and constitutional rights. This act not only violates privacy and dignity but also strikes at the heart of democratic principles. Lawyers are defenders of justice; undermining their independence is a direct assault on the foundations of the rule of law.

The Law vs. the State: A Dangerous Contradiction
Under Nigerian law, the police are authorized to act only in cases involving recognized criminal offenses. Sections 4 and 24 of the Police Act, 2020, explicitly mandate this limitation. Arresting Farotimi for a non-criminal matter such as defamation starkly contravenes these legal standards. It reflects an alarming disregard for legality, fairness, and respect for human rights—principles that are foundational to democracy.

Prominent figures have condemned this action. The former Labour Party Presidential flag bearer, Peter Obi characterized the arrest as a “gross misuse of power” and “a grave assault on the principles of democracy and justice.” The NBA’s president, Afam Osigwe, described the arrest as a “troubling breach of the rule of law” while human rights lawyer Femi Falana labelled it ”blatant and illegal.” Both emphasized the need for accountability, demanding Farotimi’s immediate release and a thorough investigation into the invasion of his law firm.

Unchecked Power: A Slow March to Tyranny
Nigeria’s democratic framework is increasingly strained under the weight of unchecked power. Farotimi’s case highlights a growing tendency to use state apparatus to silence dissent, a hallmark of tyranny. This gradual erosion of democratic norms must alarm not only Nigerians but also the international community, which has long championed Nigeria as a beacon of hope for African democracy.

Unchecked power is a disease that metastasizes in silence, emboldened by apathy and fear. Today it targets a lawyer like Farotimi; tomorrow, it could consume the very structures of freedom upon which the nation depends. The voices of dissent must not be stifled, for they are the lifeblood of a just society.

Call to Action: A Demand for Justice
The Nigerian Bar Association and civil society organizations have unequivocally condemned the arrest and demanded Farotimi’s release. This call must be echoed globally. The international community, particularly democratic nations and human rights watchdogs must hold Nigeria accountable for upholding its own laws and respecting fundamental rights.

The rule of law is not negotiable. It is the bedrock of democracy, the shield against tyranny, and the promise of justice for all. Farotimi’s arrest is not merely a legal issue—it is a test of Nigeria’s commitment to these principles. The world is watching.

Nation at the Crossroads
Nigeria stands at a crossroads. Will it embrace justice and the rule of law, or will it continue down the perilous path of unchecked power? The answer lies not just in the courts but in the collective will of its people and leaders to resist tyranny’s dark shadow.

The arrest of Farotimi is a rallying cry—a reminder that democracy demands vigilance, courage, and an unwavering commitment to justice. The time to act is now before the predator fully eclipses the protector.

If you ever find yourself in a meeting with Jeff Bezos, don’t expect the Amazon founder to speak up first. Instead, Bezos flips the traditional meeting hierarchy, instructing participants to speak in reverse order of seniority, starting with the most junior person. As one of the senior-most individuals in the room, Bezos usually reserves his comments for the very end. This approach, he explained at The New York Times’ DealBook Summit, helps prevent "group think" and ensures that everyone’s opinions are heard before his own influence can shape the discussion.

Bezos believes this method encourages honest, open dialogue instead of a roomful of people simply agreeing with the boss. He only intervenes during meetings when he has a strong, unwavering opinion on the matter at hand, which, he admitted, is a rare occurrence. "I’m actually very easy to influence," Bezos said, "but a couple percent of the time, no force in the world can move me because I’m so sure of something."

The 64-year-old, who stepped down as Amazon’s CEO in 2021 and now serves as its executive chairman, described his ideal meeting as "messy," meaning a session filled with debate and back-and-forth that often runs past the scheduled time. In fact, Bezos views meetings that run late as a sign of success, as they indicate deep, productive conversations. "Most of the meetings that are useful," he noted, "we hand out six-page memos, we do a half-hour study hall [where] we read them, then we have a messy discussion." Bezos is skeptical if a meeting isn’t messy, as it usually means the discussion isn’t engaging enough.

Revolutionizing Amazon’s Approach to Meetings

In a 2018 speech, Bezos called the shift in Amazon’s meeting culture "probably the smartest thing we ever did." The change began with eliminating PowerPoint presentations and replacing them with detailed, six-page memos, which are distributed ahead of time. Attendees spend 30 minutes reading the memo in silence, ensuring they’re fully prepared for the discussion. Only then does the group share their thoughts before Bezos speaks.

Bezos explained that this reading period provides essential context, ensuring everyone actually reads the material before the meeting. "Executives will bluff their way through meetings as if they’ve read the memo, because we’re busy," he acknowledged. The silent reading time, he said, sets the stage for more focused and thoughtful conversation.

While Bezos appreciates the value of spontaneous, wide-ranging discussions, the memo ensures that the meeting doesn’t lose focus and wander too far off-topic. His girlfriend, Lauren Sanchez, who runs the aerial filming company Black Ops Aviation, told the *Wall Street Journal* that while meetings with Bezos are often meandering, the memos help keep the conversation grounded.

Though Bezos’s meetings may occasionally run late due to the engaging conversations, he typically aims to keep them under an hour, Sanchez added. Research shows that long meetings, whether they’re hour-long marathons or back-to-back short sessions, can increase stress levels and detract from productivity.

Bezos’s approach has gained favor among other tech leaders as well. Jack Dorsey, former CEO of Twitter (now X), also encourages a similar practice, where attendees read notes from a shared Google Doc for 10 minutes before a meeting begins. This practice, Dorsey said in a 2018 tweet, helps align everyone’s understanding, fosters critical thinking, and accelerates decision-making.