The Nigerian Exchange Limited (NGX) reported that foreign transactions totaling N540.48 billion were recorded between January and June 2024. This represents a significant increase from the N145.08 billion reported during the first half (H1) of 2023.

In its 'Domestic & Foreign Portfolio Investment' report released on Wednesday, NGX highlighted that foreign investors liquidated more portfolio investments in the capital market than they purchased over the six months under review.

The report detailed that out of the total foreign transactions, N311.41 billion worth of portfolio investments were liquidated in H1 2024, compared to a foreign outflow of N73.06 billion in the same period in 2023. Foreign investment inflows amounted to N229.07 billion in H1 2024, up from N72.02 billion in the corresponding period last year.

NGX also noted that domestic investors accounted for N2.06 trillion in total transactions during H1 2024, bringing the combined value of domestic and foreign transactions to N2.60 trillion by the end of June.

The report further revealed that domestic investors represented 79.25 percent of the total transactions in H1 2024, down from 90 percent in the same period last year. Conversely, foreign transactions comprised 20.75 percent of the total in H1 2024, up from 10 percent in H1 2023.

Monthly Transaction Drop

The NGX reported a slight decrease in total transactions from N355.38 billion (about $239.56 million) in May to N354.55 billion (about $241.06 million) in June, a marginal decline of 0.23 percent. Comparing June 2024 to June 2023, total transactions decreased by 12.83 percent from N406.75 billion.

In June 2024, domestic investor transactions surpassed those of foreign investors by approximately 54 percent.

Market Performance Over the Last Decade

The NGX provided a summary of market performance over the past 17 years, indicating that domestic transactions decreased by 10.94 percent from N3.556 trillion in 2007 to N3.167 trillion in 2023. Foreign transactions also dropped by 33.28 percent from N616 billion to N411 billion during the same period. In 2023, domestic transactions accounted for about 89 percent of the total, while foreign transactions made up about 11 percent.

Institutional vs. Retail Investors

Analyzing month-on-month data, the NGX reported that domestic institutional investors (58 percent) outperformed retail investors (42 percent) by 16 percent. Between May and June 2024, retail transactions increased by 0.43 percent from N113.53 billion to N114.02 billion. The institutional composition of the domestic market saw a significant rise of 34.68 percent, from N117.57 billion in May to N158.34 billion in June.

The report from the Nigerian Exchange Limited (NGX) reveals significant insights into the behaviour of foreign portfolio investors in the Nigerian capital market during the first half (H1) of 2024. Here are the key points and their implications:

Foreign Liquidations Outpace Purchases

The report underscores that foreign investors liquidated N311.41 billion worth of portfolio investments in H1 2024. This liquidation figure is markedly higher than the N73.06 billion recorded in the same period in 2023. This significant increase in liquidations suggests a few potential factors:

1. Market Sentiment: Increased liquidations indicate growing apprehension or negative sentiment among foreign investors towards the Nigerian market. This could be due to economic, political, or regulatory uncertainties that make the market less attractive.

2. Profit-Taking: Foreign investors might be liquidating their holdings to realize profits, especially given the good performance of the market and fear of volatility in the near future.

3. Global Economic Conditions: Broader global economic conditions, such as rising interest rates in developed markets or geopolitical tensions, might be influencing investors to pull out from emerging markets like Nigeria.

Increase in Foreign Investment Inflows

Despite the high liquidation levels, foreign investment inflows also saw a substantial increase, amounting to N229.07 billion in H1 2024, up from N72.02 billion in H1 2023. This dual movement of significant inflows and outflows highlights a dynamic investment environment:

1. Attraction to New Opportunities: The substantial inflows indicate that foreign investors still find attractive opportunities within the Nigerian market. This could be due to specific sectors showing robust growth or favorable valuations of Nigerian assets.

2. Short-Term Trading Strategies: The simultaneous high levels of inflows and outflows suggests that foreign investors are engaging in short-term trading strategies. This behaviour may have been driven by volatility in the market, where investors buy and sell quickly to capitalize on price movements.

3. Sector-Specific Investments: Certain sectors might be attracting more foreign capital due to their growth potential or resilience. For example, investments in technology, consumer goods, or financial services seem to be driving the inflows, even as investments in other sectors see liquidation.

Comparative Perspective

Comparing the data from H1 2024 with H1 2023 provides a perspective on the trends and shifts in foreign investment behavior:

Magnitude of Change: The liquidation of N311.41 billion compared to N73.06 billion in the previous year represents a more than fourfold increase. Similarly, inflows increasing from N72.02 billion to N229.07 billion shows a strong tripling of investment inflows.

Market Dynamics: These figures highlight the heightened activity and volatility in the Nigerian capital market. The significant differences year-on-year suggest that 2024 has been a year of notable changes and possibly market corrections or responses to external factors.

Implications for the Nigerian Market

The high level of foreign portfolio liquidations, coupled with substantial inflows, has several implications for the Nigerian capital market:

1. Market Stability: Large-scale liquidations can lead to market instability and volatility. The NGX and market regulators need to monitor these trends closely to ensure that market integrity is maintained.

2. Investor Confidence: The substantial inflows indicate that despite the high liquidations, investor confidence in the Nigerian market has not waned entirely. However, maintaining and improving this confidence requires addressing the factors leading to high liquidations.

3. Policy Measures: To attract and retain foreign investments, Nigerian policymakers might need to introduce measures that enhance market stability, improve the investment climate, and address any underlying economic or political uncertainties.

4. Diversification and Growth:  The inflows suggest that there are still growth opportunities within the Nigerian market that are attractive to foreign investors. Focusing on sectors with high growth potential and fostering a conducive environment for these sectors can help sustain and enhance foreign investment levels.

In summary, while the high level of portfolio investment liquidations by foreign investors in H1 2024 raises concerns about market stability and investor sentiment, the concurrent significant inflows indicate that opportunities within the Nigerian market continue to attract foreign capital. Balancing these dynamics will be crucial for the sustained growth and stability of the Nigerian capital market.

On Tuesday, the senate and house of representatives passed the new minimum wage bill.

The bill scaled first, second and third readings — all within an hour — in the upper and lower legislative chambers.

The legislation amended two key issues in the National Minimum Wage Act 2019, increasing the minimum wage from N30,000 to N70,000 and shortening the review period from five to three years.

Speaking at plenary after the bill was passed, Godswill Akpabio, the senate president, claimed that Nigerians can no longer pay any domestic worker below N70,000.

“The bill says that if you are a tailor and you employ an additional hand, you cannot pay the person below N70,000. If you are a mother and you have a newborn child and you want to bring in a housemaid to look after your child, you cannot pay that housemaid below N70,000,” Akpabio said.

“It is not maximum wage. It applies to all and sundry. If you bring in a driver, if you bring in a gateman — you cannot pay that gateman below N70,000. So, I am very delighted that this has been passed and we now look forward to employers of labour going ahead to improve on what has been set as a benchmark for all and sundry to follow.

“So, I congratulate the Nigeria Labour Congress (NLC), I congratulate all Nigerians, and I congratulate the senate and the national assembly in general for this epoch-making legislation which has even reduced the time of negotiation from five years to three years in view of the soaring effect of foodstuff. It is now necessary that we review it every three years instead of five years.”

Akapbio’s remarks have elicited a series of reactions on social media, especially on X, with many questioning his claim.

“This is a joke of the highest order. You might want to check some of the laws governing minimum wage,” Tohluh Briggs said in the comment section.

“Really? What happened? What changed?” Philemon Kuza asked.

WHAT IS MINIMUM WAGE?

The minimum wage is the least amount that employers are obligated to pay their employees. It is established by the National Minimum Wage Act to ensure that workers earn a basic standard of living and to prevent unfair treatment.

The current minimum wage in the country is N30,000 per month. The rate was previously reviewed every five years to reflect changes in living costs and economic conditions. It was last reviewed in 2019 during former President Muhammadu Buhari’s administration.

On June 3, Nigeria’s economy came to a standstill as labour unions staged a nationwide strike over the wage dispute.

The Nigeria Labour Congress (NLC) and Trade Union Congress (TUC) initially demanded N494,000, citing inflation and worsening economic conditions.

Following intense negotiations with federal government representatives, the unions scaled down their demand to N250,000.

On July 11, President Bola Tinubu met with labour leaders over the matter.

After further negotiations on July 18, the unions agreed to the N70,000 proposed by the president.

VERIFYING AKPABIO’S CLAIM 

To verify Akpabio’s claim, TheCable reviewed the National Minimum Wage Act 2019 to determine who is obligated to pay the minimum wage and who is exempted.

Section 3 (1) of the act states that every employer shall pay the national minimum wage to every worker under his or her establishment.

According to the law, any agreement for the payment of wages less than the national minimum wage is void.

But there are exceptions.

Section 4 of the act stipulates that the minimum wage requirement does not apply to employers with fewer than 25 employees.

According to the law, an establishment with the following employees is exempted from the minimum wage:
(a) part-time basis,
(b) commission or piece-rate;
(c) establishment employing less than 25 persons;
(d) workers in seasonal employment like agriculture; and
(e) any person employed in a vessel or aircraft to which the laws regulating merchant shipping or civil aviation apply.

VERDICT

Based on the National Minimum Wage Act 2019, Akpabio’s claim that any employer who hires a maid or gatekeeper will pay N70,000 minimum wage is false.

The law mandates employers with more than 25 workers to pay the minimum wage.

The Cable

Meta Platforms said on Wednesday it had removed about 63,000 accounts in Nigeria that attempted to engage in financial sexual extortion scams mostly aimed at adult men in the United States.

Nigerian online fraudsters, known as "Yahoo boys," are notorious for scams that range from passing themselves off as people in financial need or Nigerian princes offering an outstanding return on an investment.

Meta said in a statement the 63,000 accounts were on Instagram, adding that it had also removed 7,200 Facebook accounts, pages and groups dedicated to providing tips on scamming people.

The company also took down a smaller coordinated network of around 2,500 that were linked to a group of around 20 individuals.

In sexual extortion, or "sextortion", people are threatened with the release of compromising photos, either real or faked, if they do not pay to stop them.

The majority of the scammers' attempts were unsuccessful and although mostly targeting adults, there were also attempts against minors, which Meta reported to the U.S. National Center for Missing and Exploited Children.

Meta representatives said this was not the first time they had disrupted such networks, but added they were disclosing the current operation to "drive awareness."

The social media giant has been on the defense in recent years as governments, including legislators in the United States where Meta is based, ramp up pressure on it to address concerns that its executives have ignored evidence that its services harm children.

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In a hearing earlier this year, one U.S. lawmaker accused Meta Chief Executive Mark Zuckerberg and other social media leaders of having "blood on their hands" for failing to protect children from escalating threats of sexual predation on their platforms.

The U.S. Surgeon General has also called for a warning label to be added to social media apps as a reminder of those harms.

Nigeria's scammers became known as "419 scams" after the section of the national penal code that dealt - ineffectively - with fraud.

As economic hardships worsen in the country of more than 200 million people, online scams have grown, with those behind them operating from university dormitories, shanty suburbs or affluent neighbourhoods.

Meta said some accounts were providing tips for conducting scams.

"Their efforts included offering to sell scripts and guides to use when scamming people, and sharing links to collections of photos to use when populating fake accounts," it said.

Reuters

Israeli forces recover bodies of four hostages from Gaza, military says

Israeli forces recovered on Wednesday the bodies of four hostages killed in Hamas' Oct. 7 attack and held in Gaza since then, the Israeli military said.

Maya Goren, a 56-year-old kindergarden teacher was killed during the attack on her kibbutz, Nir Oz, according to Israeli Army Radio, one of the communities worst-hit in the deadly Hamas attack through southern Israel that triggered the devastating war in Gaza.

The three other hostages were a reserve soldier and two conscript soldiers who were killed in combat during the Oct. 7 attack, the military said.

Their bodies were retrieved from the area of Khan Younis in southern Gaza, where Israeli forces launched new raids this week.

The four were among the 120 hostages still held in Gaza, around a third of whom Israel has declared dead in absentia based on forensic findings, intelligence, interrogations of captured militants, videos and testimonies of released hostages.

Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu, in an address to the U.S. Congress on Wednesday, said his government was actively engaged in intensive efforts to release the remaining hostages and that he was confident those efforts would succeed.

An Israeli delegation would take part in talks to secure a Gaza ceasefire and hostage release - mediated by The United States, Egypt and Qatar - next week, an Israeli official said on Wednesday.

Hamas wants a ceasefire agreement to end the war in Gaza. However, Netanyahu says the war cannot end before Hamas is defeated.

Reuters

WESTERN PERSPECTIVE

Kremlin says Ukraine's signal on talks appears to be in unison with Russia's position

The Kremlin said on Wednesday that Ukraine's signal on talks with Moscow appeared to be in unison with Russia's own position, but that more details were needed.

Ukrainian Foreign Minister Dmytro Kuleba said Kyiv was ready for talks with Russia if Moscow was prepared to negotiate in good faith, though he said that Ukraine has seen no sign of that.

"The message itself can be said to be in unison with our position," Kremlin spokesman Dmitry Peskov told reporters when asked about Kuleba's remark, adding that clarification was needed on the details.

"You know that the Russian side has never refused to negotiate, has always maintained its openness to the negotiation process, but details are important here that you and I do not yet know."

Reuters reported in February that Russian President Vladimir Putin's suggestion of a ceasefire in Ukraine to freeze the war was rejected by the United States after contacts between intermediaries.

Putin is ready to halt the war in Ukraine with a negotiated ceasefire but the Kremlin chief is prepared to fight on if Kyiv and the West do not respond, Reuters reported in May.

Putin in June said Russia would end the war in Ukraine only if Kyiv agreed to drop its NATO ambitions and hand over the entirety of four provinces claimed by Moscow, demands Kyiv swiftly rejected as tantamount to surrender.

RUSSIAN PERSPECTIVE

Russian missile blows up Ukrainian military HQ

Russia has conducted a powerful missile strike on a Ukrainian military headquarters in Donbass, the Defense Ministry in Moscow has said, releasing footage of the attack.

In a statement on Wednesday, the ministry said Moscow’s forces had destroyed the command-and-control center of the Ukrainian 63rd Separate Mechanized Brigade in Krasny Lyman. The town lies around 30km northeast of the strategic regional city Slavyansk, an important logistics hub which is now in the rear of the front line.

The strike was conducted with an Iskander-M short-range ballistic missile and destroyed the personnel inside the HQ, as well as two drone command-and control vehicles, ten UAVs, more than 300 FPV drones, an antenna mast device, and three all-terrain vehicles, according to Russian officials. 

The video released by the ministry shows aerial footage of several houses in the settlement, one of which is seen being struck by a rocket, sending a shockwave in all directions and a plume of smoke into the air. The roof of one of the buildings – which the ministry said was the drone control station – was set ablaze and several Ukrainian military vehicles can be seen pulling up beside it.

Russia routinely uses hypersonic Iskander missiles – which can carry a 700kg payload up to 500km – to pound Ukrainian targets, including those far from the front line. Earlier this week, the Defense Ministry released a video purporting to show a successful missile strike on a facility in Kharkov Region, which it said housed Western “instructors and mercenaries,”around 50 of whom were killed in the attack.

Russia has repeatedly warned that it considers foreign military personnel and equipment used by Ukraine to be “legitimate targets.” At the same time, Moscow maintains that it only targets military facilities and not civilians.

Reuters/RT

It appears that Peter Obi, the Labour Party presidential candidate in the  2023 election, has finally overstepped his bounds. He has been going around the country creating problems for the government, causing food scarcity and making Nigerians not to appreciate all the good work President Bola Ahmed Tinubu is doing.

So far, the liberal, people-oriented government of Tinubu has looked away from Obi’s many mischiefs. All that may be coming to an end now, as Obi’s offenses are becoming insufferable, and big brother can no longer watch him lead millions of innocent Nigerians into temptation.

The warning late last week, by Bayo Onanuga, the incredible, anti-government-yesterday, pro-government-today veteran and adviser on information and strategy to President Bola Tinubu, that Obi should be held responsible for any protest against escalating hunger and economic hardship by Nigerians, confirms what many people have always suspected, that Obi is responsible for their empty barns and pantries.

The case against Obi is indeed multiple and compelling. He has been sowing seeds of discord all over the country. Among other crimes, Obi has single-handedly caused the value of naira to be in free fall since mid-2023, just because the Independent National Electoral Commission [INEC] refused to declare him winner of the presidential election earlier that year.

Usually reliable sources, which served Onanuga quite well during his days of pro-democracy confrontation with military regimes, reportedly confirmed to the government he now serves with his full chest, as Nigerians will put it, that Obi is manipulating the exchange rate. Anyday the former governor wakes up from the wrong side of the bed and remembers that somebody else was declared President instead of him, he normally meets with leaders of bureau de change operators, after which the value of the naira will take a tumble.

Obi’s negative impact on the value of the naira has been a source of concern to the Tinubu government, which has been watching him closely.

There is even a report that Obi is responsible for doctors and nurses in Nigeria abandoning their lucrative jobs at home, to relocate abroad in droves. According to information available to the government and its master strategist, Bayo Onanuga, the LP presidential candidate works in deceptive and mysterious ways to lure doctors away from their high-paying jobs in Nigerian hospitals.

As the government investigation found out, any time Obi donates his personal money to health and social development institutions, such as he did recently in Kogi State, where he gave N10 million to the Grimard College of Nursing Sciences at Anyigba, or when he gave N20 million to Faith Foundation Mission Hospital in Nsukka, Enugu State, or when he donated N2 million to an Abuja Primary Healthcare Centre, or with the N10 million he donated to the Federation of Muslim Women’s Associations [FOMWAN], etc, it is always a ploy to induce otherwise well-remunerated doctors and nurses in Nigerian hospitals to flee the country. In fact, it has been reliably gathered that Obi uses such visits to healthcare institutions to collect the names of doctors and nurses for subsequent placement in hospitals in Europe and America.

As if Obi’s negative activities in the area of healthcare were not grievous enough, he turned his attention to the agricultural sector a few months back, succeeding within a short time in driving up the prices of garri, yam, beans, rice, potato, onions and even pepper, all of which are now beyond the reach of ordinary and not-so-ordinary Nigerians.

In markets across the land, from the produce markets of Ketu, Mile 12 and Oyingbo in Lagos, over to Dugbe in Ibadan, and from Ochanja in Onitsha, Ogbete in Enugu and Diobu in Port Harcourt, Obi has held market women and men in his palms, deploying his uncommon capacity to influence them to arbitrarily increase the prices of food items, in spite of the Tinubu government’s lauded agricultural policy. To imagine that Obi is causing all this food scarcity and hunger in the land just because he was not declared President! The good thing though is that Tinubu is aware of the pains of Nigerians. He is barely restraining himself from confronting Obi, the evil genius causing food scarcity in Nigeria.

It is obvious that Onanuga was being very matured and circumspect with sensitive information available to his high office, if not he would have released more details to Nigerians last week, of the many treasonable offenses of Obi. For instance, the last time Obi was seen in the northern part of the country, not many people knew that he traversed Kano, Kaduna, Plateau, Benue, Taraba and Kebbi, just to convince farmers to abandon their farms and stop supplying yam, beans, potato, onion and whatever they produce, to markets across Nigeria, just because he was not declared President in 2023. This much was established by the government’s strategist.

Fortunately, Tinubu understands the suffering Nigerians are going through.

The government has allowed Obi to be, simply because it is respecting his fundamental human rights, seeing that the Tinubu government subscribes to key international treaties, including the recent Samoa Agreement. Yet, for all the magnanimity of the government, this same Obi went about prompting the Muslim ummah and Christian faithful, alongside civil society organisations (CSOs) to rise against the Samoa Agreement, an agreement that has potential of attracting over $500 million or thereabouts, to Nigeria. If Obi is not bitter because he was not declared President in 2023, why should he influence Christians, Muslims and CSOs, to oppose a harmless treaty, just because the Agreement latently promotes the right of men to answer women and vice versa? If not for Obi, would the religious bodies have opposed the treaty? 

The patience of the Tinubu government is, however, running out on the LP presidential candidate, especially with the concrete evidence available to Onanuga, that Obi recently incited Senator Ali Ndume, a staunch member of the ruling All Progressives Congress (APC) and the Chief Whip of the senate, until recently, to declare publicly, that there was hunger in Nigeria. How could Ndume have made such a critical comment, if he was not under the influence of Obi? Ndume must have met Obi before he spoke out about hunger in the land. Only Obi can convince Nigerians that they are hungry, when indeed, the government has made life abundant for them.

Yet, for all of Peter Obi’s pervasive influence and activities, Nigerians do not seem to understand how dangerously impactful he is. That is what worries the government. The decision last week, by the special adviser on Information and Strategy to the president, to alert Nigerians that Obi is capable of causing more rainfall in the days ahead, is a very sane and patriotic duty. Nigerians need to know. Now they know! So, parents should properly advise their children. Any time they cry out that there is no food in the house, all patriotic parents have a duty to inform their children that Obi is the name of the man responsible for scarcity of food in the land.

By the same token, manufacturers and sundry consumers of foreign exchange, should always remember, when they are confronted with shortage of foreign exchange, occasioned by the sluggish gyration of the value of the Naira, that Obi is said to be responsible for their woes. He is the man government has identified as responsible for the collapse of the local currency. It is also important to note that Obi is causing all these problems because he was not declared winner of the presidential election in 2023. There is no need to ask what the declared winner of the said election is doing in the face of Obi’s protestant activities.

If Obi has not been a confirmed rain maker and a certified magician, the curious allegations against him, as being responsible for everything that the government should be responsible for, would have been dismissed as vacuous. But Obi is who he is and it does not appear that he intends to change.

Nicholas Leighton

Key Takeaways

• You can use many different pricing strategies to drive revenue.
• Assessing competitors and industry standards is crucial for setting pricing strategies.
• Transparent pricing builds customer trust and fosters positive relationships.

Since reaching a peak of over 9% in 2022, inflation appears to finally be cooling for the average consumer. As costs rose over the last two years, companies across the globe have worked to protect their profit margins by increasing prices. For new small business owners, this has created several challenges, and many consumers are still facing the pressures as wages haven't kept pace with inflation rates. As a result, consumers are more cautious than ever about each dollar they spend.

Many companies realize they need to be more competitive with their pricing to retain and attract new customers. For small business owners, defining the right pricing strategy can feel overwhelming. Here are some tips to help you find the right pricing balance.

How to price your product or service

Pricing your product is one of the most critical business decisions you can make. Although you can always adjust, setting your price correctly early on will greatly impact your revenue — especially if you're a new business, working on a side hustle or bringing an entirely new product to market. Before you set your price, consider the following factors.

Determine your value

Within any market, it's essential to analyze how valuable your product is compared to others. For instance, did you use better materials, or are you solving a problem that no other product can? If so, your value may be higher than any other brand can offer, so you might be able to set a higher price. Some companies will use a formula to determine a specific value.

Review your customer base

Knowing who your customers are is an essential function of any business, and it's particularly important for pricing. For instance, are you catering to people who purchase high-end goods? Are you targeting people who are more likely to value a bargain? By performing customer research, you'll know how to set prices better.

Evaluate pricing potential

It's important to determine exactly how much you could charge for any product. This doesn't mean you will charge that amount, but by considering factors including your customer base, your competition and the cost to produce your product, you can determine the high end of your pricing potential.

Determine a price range

You'll need to know the minimum price you can charge for a product and still make money — the low end of your range — as well as the high point based on customer research. Once you've determined a range, you can adjust your prices based on peak buying seasons, discount opportunities and other factors.

Evaluate the competition and industry

Your competition can provide guidance when it comes to pricing strategies. Within each industry, there are standard markups or profit margins that are typically recognized as normal ranges. Evaluating these can help small business owners understand if their costs are too high or low relative to their sales price. But it's important that you don't price your product by simply copying your competitors. While your competition's pricing might help determine if you are within the acceptable ranges of the market, picking an arbitrary number is a losing strategy.

Gather feedback from customers

The sales volume you generate will give you insight into if you're pricing fairly, but if you need more data, it's always wise to talk to your customers. By providing opportunities for surveys, reading reviews or conducting direct outreach, you'll better understand what matters to your customers and if they see value in your product.

Be transparent

Consumers often want to support companies they believe are trustworthy. Shady pricing and hidden fees can damage a relationship with your customers, so it's best to be upfront and transparent about your product pricing. If sharing your price scares away customers, it's a good indication that you need to revisit your pricing strategy or do a better job of demonstrating the product's value.

Types of pricing strategies

Cost-plus pricing

This strategy refers to a relatively straightforward markup formula. Businesses determine how much it costs to produce a product (including materials, labor and overhead) and add a fixed percentage to that price to meet their desired margin.

Premium pricing

Selling your product at a premium means deliberately pricing it higher than your competitors. Typically, premium pricing aims to convince would-be customers that your product is of a higher quality than any other on the market and, therefore, worth shelling out more money. This strategy can be risky, as it may lead to a decline in sales.

Economy pricing

Some businesses use the "economy" tactic of setting lower prices than competitors to increase their sales volume. This tactic often attracts customers, but to guarantee their profit margins, businesses reduce product costs (and create a lower-quality product) when using economy pricing.

Competitive pricing

One way to set prices is to monitor competition. With competitive pricing, companies essentially set their prices relative to what their rivals are doing. This commonly happens in a market where a product has existed for a long time, and there's consensus about what it should cost.

Price skimming

When a company launches a new product, it may initially set the price high before gradually reducing it over time. This practice, called price skimming, lets businesses cater to different types of customers. Some people will be willing to shell out more money to have the latest version of a product, while others will purchase only once the price drops.

Penetration pricing

Companies that are new to a well-established market may use penetration pricing to attract an early volume of customers. With this strategy — sometimes called loss-leader pricing — a business sets prices extremely low to lure customers away from other brands. However, keeping prices low is often not sustainable, and customer loyalty may be hard to build as prices ultimately rise.

Psychological pricing

The practice of psychological pricing comes in many different forms. In short, it refers to a strategy in which a business convinces customers they're spending less. It's the reason many products are listed for, say, $4.99 instead of $5. The one-cent difference can make a big impact on a customer's mind. Psychological pricing also commonly appears with short-term sales, which makes customers think they need to purchase something in the moment or they'll miss out on savings.

Value-based pricing

When businesses have a new product they'll often rely on value-based pricing to determine how much they think a customer will be willing to pay for it. Instead of applying a standard markup (like cost-plus pricing), the price is set based on how potential customers perceive the product's value.

Keystone pricing

With keystone pricing, companies set the price of a product to double its cost to produce. So, if it costs $20 to produce the product, you would list it for sale at $40. Retailers often use this strategy.

Subscription pricing

With a product that requires repeated sales, many businesses choose to introduce some form of recurring or subscription pricing. This not only helps keep revenue flowing into your business but also provides long-range visibility into your anticipated revenue. This is helpful for both strategic planning and securing better financing through investors or a bank line of credit.

Flexible or tiered pricing/dynamic

Most businesses serve a wide range of customers. Offering flexible or tiered pricing can increase revenue by enabling businesses to reach a wider range of customers. Tiered pricing also supports a sales strategy known as price anchoring. By offering three or more pricing tiers, businesses can position their premium options as the best value, encouraging more upsells.

Entrepreneur

Nigeria's central bank on Tuesday raised its benchmark interest rate for the fourth time this year, as inflation surged to a 28-year high and the naira came under renewed pressure on both the official and parallel markets.

Central Bank of Nigeria Governor Olayemi Cardoso said the rise in the bank's main lending rate to 26.75% from 26.25% was needed to tackle inflation.

"While monetary policy has been moderating aggregate demand, rising food and energy costs continue to exert upward pressure on price development," Cardoso told a press conference.

Tuesday's decision by the bank's Monetary Policy Committee to hike the rate by 50 basis points comes after increases of 150 bps in May, 200 bps in March and 400 bps in February, its largest in around 17 years.

Analysts polled by Reuters had predicted a 50 bps hike, as inflation rose for the 19th straight month in Africa's most populous nation to 34.19% in annual terms in June.

"For now, we think that today's decision marks the final act in this hiking cycle," David Omojomolo, Africa economist at Capital Economics, said.

"But there's clearly a risk that further inflation surprises prompt the (central bank) to tighten monetary conditions further, either through outright rate hikes or by tweaking liquidity provision," he said, adding that rate cuts were unlikely until next year.

Last week, President Bola Tinubu's government agreed to raise the minimum wage to 70,000 naira ($44) a month after asking lawmakers to approve 6.2 trillion naira in additional spending to plug shortfalls in this year's budget, possibly stoking inflation further.

Price pressures have been spurred by Tinubu's administration slashing petrol and electricity subsidies and devaluing the local naira currency.

Cardoso has indicated that rates will stay high for as long as needed to bring down inflation.

The International Monetary Fund in May maintained its growth forecast of 3.3% for Nigeria's economy for 2024, up from 2.9% last year, citing a pick up in services and trade sectors.

It has welcomed central bank's recent rate hikes to curb galloping inflation and called for a data-driven approach to further rate tightening while urging the bank to build up its forex reserves.

($1 = 1,585.0000 naira)

Reuters

The Central Bank of Nigeria's (CBN) decision, yesterday, to hike its benchmark interest rate to 26.75%—the fourth such increase this year—highlights a persistent adherence to conventional economic models that fail to address the unique underlying factors driving inflation in Nigeria. Despite the CBN's efforts, inflation has surged to a 28-year high, exacerbating the economic challenges faced by ordinary Nigerians.

Governor Olayemi Cardoso justified the rate hike by emphasizing the need to tackle rising inflation, which has now reached an alarming 34.19% in annual terms as of June. The governor acknowledged that while monetary policy has aimed to moderate aggregate demand, rising food and energy costs continue to exert upward pressure on prices. This perspective, however, oversimplifies the complex realities of Nigeria's inflationary environment.

Firstly, the notion of "too much money chasing too few goods" largely stems from the actions of the government at various tiers. Boosted Federation Account Allocation Committee (FAAC) revenues, primarily driven by exchange rate gains from significant Naira devaluation, have put substantial amounts of Naira into the hands of government entities. This increased liquidity has not been matched by a corresponding rise in productive capacity, thereby fueling inflation.

Secondly, the core driver of inflation in Nigeria today is food inflation, which is intricately linked to issues of insecurity and currency depreciation. Insecurity has hindered farmers' ability to produce optimally, reducing food supply. Simultaneously, the devaluation of the Naira has made it more profitable for traders to sell scarce food supplies to neighboring countries, further depleting local availability and driving prices up.

Furthermore, rampant corruption and extravagant expenditures on luxury items by state actors have diverted resources away from productive uses. This misallocation not only fuels inflation but also erodes public trust in governance and economic management.

High energy costs and import duties also play significant roles in driving inflation. Increased energy prices impact production and transportation costs, which are then passed on to consumers. Similarly, high import duties raise the cost of imported goods, which constitute a substantial portion of Nigeria's consumption basket.

The cumulative effect of these factors is an inflationary environment that cannot be effectively tackled by interest rate hikes alone. In fact, these hikes may worsen the situation by increasing the cost of borrowing for businesses and consumers, thereby stifling economic activity and growth. Ordinary Nigerians, already struggling with high costs of living, are left to bear the brunt of these policy decisions.

The CBN's approach to combating inflation must evolve to consider these unique challenges. A data-driven, multifaceted strategy that addresses the root causes of inflation—such as insecurity, corruption, and structural inefficiencies—is essential. Monetary policy should be complemented by robust fiscal measures aimed at boosting productivity, enhancing security, and ensuring that government spending is both efficient and transparent.

In conclusion, the relentless cycle of interest rate hikes by the CBN, grounded in conventional economic thinking, fails to address the true drivers of Nigeria's inflation. Without a comprehensive approach that tackles these underlying issues, the burden of economic hardship will continue to fall disproportionately on ordinary Nigerians, undermining both economic stability and social well-being.