US Catholic bishops are on a potential collision course with President Joe Biden after voting to commission a document that may call for him to be barred from Holy Communion.
The US Conference of Catholic Bishops (USCCB) clashed online over whether to draw up a teaching document on politicians who support abortion.
Holy Communion is the most important ritual in the Catholic Christian faith.
The Catholic president regularly attends Church services.
Responding to news of the bishops' vote, he said: "That's a private matter and I don't think that's gonna happen."
The Vatican has already indicated its opposition to the bishops' move.
After the debate on Thursday, Allen H Vigneron, vice-president of the USCCB, announced the move had passed by 168 to 55, with six abstentions.
The US clergy is deeply divided on the issue. Robert McElroy, bishop of San Diego, warned such a document would lead to the "weaponisation" of the Eucharist (the more formal name name for Holy Communion).
However, Liam Cary, the bishop of Baker, Oregon, said the Church was in an "unprecedented situation" with "a Catholic president who is opposed to the teaching" of the Church.
Vatican appeal
The document will now be drafted by the doctrine committee of US bishops.
However, although it will be a form of national policy, it will not be binding. Each individual bishop has the right to decide who should be blocked from the Mass in his diocese.
The document will return for debate at the next bi-annual US Catholic Bishops Conference in November.
The controversial issue of whether politicians who support abortion should receive Mass has become more prominent with the election of Biden as president.
Cardinal Blase Cupich, archbishop of Chicago, warned most priests would be "puzzled to hear that bishops now want to talk about excluding people at a time when the real challenge before them is welcoming people back to the regular practice of the faith and rebuilding their communities".
In an essay published last week, Marianne Duddy-Burke, executive director of Dignity USA which supports LGBTQ Catholics, accused bishops of behaving "in a brazenly partisan manner" by possibly denying Communion to Biden and others.
"Withholding Communion from any Catholic to punish them for their identity, actions or beliefs is coercion. It violates the duty of care that is the central ministry of the ordained," she wrote.
However, proposing the motion, Kevin Roades, of Fort Wayne-South Bend, said: "We weren't targeting particular individuals or limited to one issue, but I think we need to accept the [Church's] discipline that those who obstinately persist in grave sin are not to be admitted to Holy Communion."
Cardinal Luis Ladaria - the prefect for the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, the Vatican's theological watchdog - urged the US Catholic Bishops Conference to delay the debate.
He wrote to the conference saying it would be "misleading" to suggest abortion and euthanasia were "the only grave matters of Catholic moral and social teaching that demand the fullest level of accountability on the part of Catholics".
Biden is the second Catholic elected US president, after John F Kennedy. He could be the first president to be denied Communion by his Church - a remarkable development that emphasises the divisive nature of abortion in US politics and religious life.
Biden isn't the only politician to support abortion rights who has faced sanction by Catholic clergy, of course. Former Secretary of State John Kerry drew similar warnings when he ran for president in 2004, and several members of the Kennedy family have been prohibited.
In addition, the resolution being considered by the US Catholic bishops would be non-binding, and Biden's church in Washington, the Jesuit-run Holy Trinity, seems unlikely to heed the guidance.
Nevertheless, at a time when the Catholic Church has been beset by a decades-long paedophilia scandal and membership has declined, the decision to consider punishing perhaps the best-known American Catholic - a man who attends Mass weekly and regularly speaks of his faith - comes with considerable risk.
For many members of the US Catholic leadership, however, abortion is an issue of life and death - and one worth the fight. As the Supreme Court is poised to consider the national legality of the procedure, it's a subject that seems destined only to become contentious.
BBC